Changes in mast cell infiltration: a possible mechanism in detrusor overactivity induced by visceral hypersensitivity

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish the detrusor overactivity (DO) model induced by visceral hypersensitivity (VH) and investigate the relationship between mast cell (MC) infiltration and DO. Materials and Methods: Sixty rats are divided into 4 groups randomly: Group 1:Baseline group; Group 2: DO group; Group 3: CON group; Group 4: VH group. The colorectal distension (CRD) and abdominal withdral reflex (AWR) scores are performed to evaluate VH. The cystometric investigation and histological test of MC infiltration are assessed. Results: The threshold pressure of CRD in the VH group is significantly lower than that in the CON group (P<0.001). At the distension pressure ≥20 mmHg, the AWR scores of the VH group are significantly higher than those of the CON group (10 mmHg: P=0.33; 20 mmHg: P=0.028; 40 mmHg: P<0.001; 60 mmHg: P<0.001; 80 mmHg: P<0.001). DO model is successfully established in the VH group (DO rate=100%). Compared with the CON group, the numbers of MC infiltration are significantly increased in the VH group, including submucosa of bladder (P<0.001), mucosa lamina propria/mesentery of small intestine (P<0.001), and mucosa lamina propria/mesentery of large intestine (P<0.001). Furthermore, more MC activation as well as degranulation are observed in the VH group. Conclusions: It is indicated that DO model can be established in the VH rats. The MC infiltration may play an important role in DO induced by VH, and may be helpful to understand the mechanisms of DO in VH patients.

IL-4 and IL-5 Secretions Predominate in the Airways of Wistar Rats Exposed to Toluene Diisocyanate Vapor / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: We established a Wistar rat model of asthma caused by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) exposure, and investigated the relationship between TDI exposure concentrations and respiratory hypersensitivity, airway inflammation, and cytokine secretions in animals, to better understand the mechanism of TDI induced occupational asthma. METHODS: Wistar rats were exposed to two different concentrations of TDI vapor four hours a day for five consecutive days. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and differential leucocytes from the BAL fluid were analyzed. Lung histopathological examination was carried out to investigate the inflammatory status in the airways. Production of cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 productions in the BAL fluid in vivo was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS: The TDI-exposed rats exhibited greater airway hypersensitivity symptoms than the control rats. The BAL differential cell count and lung histopathological examination demonstrated that inflammation reactions were present in both the central and peripheral airways, characterized with marked infiltration of eosinophils in the TDI-exposed rats. The cytokine assay showed that IL-4 and IL-5 were predominantly produced in the BAL fluid in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: These findings imply that TDI exposure concentrations may greatly affect the occurrence and extent of inflammatory events and that Th2 type cytokines may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of TDI-induced occupational respiratory hypersensitivity.

Complement activation-related pseudoallergy in dogs following intravenous administration of a liposomal formulation of meglumine antimoniate / Pseudoalergia relacionada à ativação do complemento em cães após administração intravenosa de uma formulação lipossomal de antimoniato de meglumina

The increasing use of nanotechnologies in advanced therapies has allowed the observation of specific adverse reactions related to nanostructures. The toxicity of a novel liposome formulation of meglumine antimoniate in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis after single dose has been investigated. Groups of 12 animals received by the intravenous route a single dose of liposomal meglumine antimoniate (group I [GI], 6.5 mg Sb/kg), empty liposomes (GII) or isotonic saline (GIII). Evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters showed no significant changes 4 days after administration. No undesired effects were registered in the GIII. However, adverse reactions were observed in 67.7% of dogs from both groups that received liposomal formulations. The side effects began moments after bolus administration and disappeared during the first 15 minutes after treatment. Prostation, sialorrhea and defecation were the most frequent clinical signs, registered in 33.3% and 41.6 % of animals from the groups GI and GII, respectively. Tachypnea, mydriasis, miosis, vomiting and cyanosis were also registered in both groups. The adverse reactions observed in this study were attributed to the activation of the complement system by lipid vesicles in a phenomenon known as Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy (CARPA). The influence of the physical-chemical characteristics of liposomal formulation in the triggering of CARPA is discussed.

O crescente uso das nanotecnologias nas terapias avançadas tem permitido a observação de reações adversas específicas relacionadas às nanoestruturas. A toxicidade de uma nova formulação lipossomal de antimoniato de meglumina após dose única foi avaliada em cães com leishmaniose visceral. Grupos de 12 animais receberam por via intravenosa uma dose única de antimoniato de meglumina lipossomal (grupo I [GI], 6,5 mg Sb/kg), lipossomas vazios (GII) ou solução salina isotônica (GIII). A avaliação de parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos não revelou alterações significativas quatro dias após a administração. Nenhum efeito indesejável foi registrado no GIII. No entanto, reações adversas foram observadas em 67,7% dos cães de ambos os grupos que receberam formulações lipossomais. Os efeitos colaterais iniciaram momentos após a administração em "bolus" e desapareceram no decurso dos primeiros 15 minutos após o tratamento. Prostração, sialorréia e defecação foram os sinais clínicos mais frequentes, registrados em 33,3% e 41,6% dos animais dos grupos GI e GII, respectivamente. Taquipnéia, midríase, miose, vômitos e cianose também foram registrados em ambos os grupos. As reações adversas observadas neste trabalho foram atribuídas à ativação do sistema complemento pelas vesículas lipídicas em fenômeno conhecido como Pseudoalergia Relacionada à Ativação do Complemento (PARAC). A influência das características físico-químicas da formulação lipossomal no desencadeamento de PARAC é abordada.

Mecanismos de daño inmunológico / Immune mediated damage

Las fallas en el control de las respuestas inmunes fisiológicas o en la mantención de la tolerancia a lo propio, produce enfermedades en las cuales el mecanismo patogénico primario es inmunológico. Estas respuestas inmunes descontroladas se llaman mecanismo de hipersensibilidad y serán revisadas en este artículo, basándonos en las clasificaciones de Gell y Coombs y la más reciente de los mecanismos de daño mediados por células.

Failure to control physiologic immune responses or to maintain self-tolerance leads to diseases in wich the primary pathogenic mechanism is immunologic. These uncontrolled immune reactions are called hypersensitivity responses, and are reviewed in this article, based upon the Gell and Coombs and the more recent cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions classifications.

Trichosporon inkin, an unusual agent of fungal sinusitis: A report from south India.

The aetiology of fungal sinusitis is diverse and changing. Aspergillus species has been the most common cause for fungal sinusitis, especially in dry and hot regions like India. Trichosporon species as a cause for fungal sinusitis has been very rarely reported the world over. Here, we report a rare case of allergic fungal sinusitis caused by Trichosporon inkin in a 28-year-old immunocompetent woman. Bilateral nasal obstruction, nasal discharge and loss of smell were her presenting complaints. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy showed bilateral multiple polyps. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery was performed and many polyps were removed. Based on mycological and histopathological studies, the pathogen was identified as T. inkin.

Ausência de efeito da memória imunológica e antígenos micobacterianos sobre a produção de IgE e citocinas em resposta a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus / No effect of mycobacterial antigens and immunological memory on the production of cytokines and IgE in response to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus

Introdução: As doenças respiratórias alérgicas, tais como rinite e asma, afetam elevada proporção da população brasileira. Estima-se que mais de 58 mil pessoas foram afetadas por alguma destas condições no Brasil em 2002-2003. Estudos realizados em humanos e animais sugerem que a exposição ambiental ao Mycobacterium tuberculosis ou imunização com o M. bovis (vacina BCG), podem estar relacionadas à proteção contra doenças alérgicas. Objetivo: Investigar a influência da resposta Th1 a antígenos micobacterianos sobre a modulação da resposta do tipo Th2 ao ácaro Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Derp). Métodos: O estudo compreendeu duas fases. Para avaliar o efeito da resposta à revacinação com o BCG sobre a modulação de uma resposta do tipo Th2 ao Derp, foi realizado um estudo de intervenção randomizado com coorte prospectiva, e os voluntários que participaram compuseram a Amostra 1. Para avaliar o efeito da resposta à infecção latente com M. tuberculosis sobre a modulação de uma resposta do tipo Th2 ao Derp, foi feito um estudo de caso-controle e os voluntários que participaram compuseram a Amostra 2. A população foi composta por adultos jovens com idade entre 19 a 33 anos. Todos responderam ao questionáro ISAAC...

Introduction: Allergic respiratory diseases such as asthma and rhinitis, affecting a high proportion of the Brazilian population. More than 58.000 people have been affected by some of these conditions in Brazil in 2002-2003. Studies in humans and animals suggest that environmental exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or immunization with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), may be related to protection against allergic diseases. Objective: To investigate the influence of Th1 response to mycobacterial antigens on the modulation of Th2-type response to aeroallergen Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Derp). Methods: The study comprised two phases. To evaluate the effect of the response to revaccination with BCG on the modulation of a Th2-type response to Derp, we conducted a randomized intervention study with prospective cohort, and the volunteers composed the Sample 1. To evaluate the effect of latent response to infection with M. tuberculosis on the modulation of a Th2-type response to Derp, a study was made of case-control and the volunteers composed the Sample 2. The population consisted of young adults aged 19 to 33 years. All responded to questionnaire ISAAC...

Recurrent Plastic Bronchitis in a Child with 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) and Influenza B Virus Infection

Plastic bronchitis is an uncommon disorder characterized by the formation of bronchial casts. It is associated with congenital heart disease or pulmonary disease. In children with underlying conditions such as allergy or asthma, influenza can cause severe plastic bronchitis resulting in respiratory failure. A review of the literature showed nine cases of plastic bronchitis with H1N1 including this case. We report a case of a child with recurrent plastic bronchitis with eosinophilic cast associated with influenza B infection, who had recovered from plastic bronchitis associated with an influenza A (H1N1) virus infection 5 months previously. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of recurrent plastic bronchitis related to influenza viral infection. If patients with influenza virus infection manifest acute respiratory distress with total lung atelectasis, clinicians should consider plastic bronchitis and early bronchoscopy should be intervened. In addition, management for underlying disease may prevent from recurrence of plastic bronchitis.

Muerte súbita asociada a hipersensibilidad tipo I en un equino pura sangre de carrera / Sudden death associated to type I hypersensitivity in a racing horse

El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar un caso de hipersensibilidad tipo I con muerte súbita en un equino Pura Sangre de Carrera en el Hipódromo “La Rinconada” Caracas, Venezuela. Se tomaron muestras de sangre y orina para estudios toxicológicos mediante la técnica de ELISA competitivo. Se le práctico la técnica de necropsia, fueron colectadas muestras de musculo, tejido pulmonar, hepático, renal, gástrico, esplénico, corazón y sistema nervioso central para estudio histopatológico, las muestras fueron procesados por los métodos convencionales histológicos. Los hallazgos de necropsia fueron flebitis severa en vena yugular derecha, con hematoma en el surco yugular. Edema severo de glotis, edema, congestión y hemorragia pulmonar. Hemorragia petequial subendocardica. Bazo esplenocontraido y con focos de necrosis de coagulación. Hidronefrosis aguda con hematuria. Hígado con patrón lobulillar acentuado. El resto de los órganos con evidente congestión y hemorragia. Los cortes histológicos evidenciaron edema, congestión y hemorragia pulmonar severa. Hemorragia subepicardica marcada. Edema subcapsular esplénico y necrosis centro-folicular. Degeneración hidropica tubular, necrosis tubular aguda. Necrosis de corteza renal. Los estudios toxicológicos permitieron la detección de furosemida y fenilbutazona en las muestras de sangre y orina. En conclusión se reporta un síndrome de hipersensibilidad tipo I asociado a la administración de un producto comercial a base de Vitamina E 80mg, Pangamato sódico (B15) 1 mg, Selenio Sódico 0.6 mg, Antioxidantes y Vehículos Solubles c.s.p. con colapso, shock y muerte aguda en un equino Pura Sangre de Carrera mediante un estudio multidisciplinario clínico, anatomopatologico y toxicológico.

The aim of this study was to report a case of type I hypersensitivity to sudden death in a Thoroughbred race horses at the Hippodrome “La Rinconada” Caracas, Venezuela. Samples of blood and urine for toxicology studies using competitive ELISA. He practiced the technique of necropsy, samples were collected from muscle, lung tissue, liver, kidney, stomach, spleen, heart and central nervous system for histopathological examination, samples were processed by conventional histological methods. Autopsy findings were severe phlebitis right jugular vein, with hematoma in the jugular groove. Severe edema of glottis edema, pulmonary congestion and hemorrhage. Subendocardial petechial hemorrhage. Esplenocontraido Spleen foci of necrosis and coagulation. Hydronephrosis with acute hematuria. Liver accentuated lobular pattern. The rest of the organs with obvious congestion and hemorrhage. The histological sections showed edema, severe pulmonary congestion and hemorrhage. Marked subepicardial hemorrhage. Edema and necrosis subcapsular splenic follicular center. Tubular hydropic degeneration, acute tubular necrosis. Necrosis of renal cortex. Toxicological studies allowed the detection of furosemide and phenylbutazone in samples of blood and urine. In conclusion we report type I hypersensitivity syndrome associated with the administration of a commercial product based Vitamin E 80mg, sodium pangamate (B15) 1 mg, 0.6 mg; Sodium Selenium, Soluble Antioxidants and Vehicle qs with collapse, shock and acute death in a race Thoroughbred horses by a multidisciplinary clinical, pathological and toxicological.

O papel da nutrição no primeiro ano de vida sobre a prevenção de doenças alérgicas / The role of nutrition in the first year of life on the prevention of allergic diseases

Objetivo: A prevalência das doenças alérgicas vem aumentando nas últimas décadas em todo o mundo. A prevenção primária em lactentes considerados de alto risco para atopias, com base na alimentação no primeiro ano de vida, pode constituir uma importante forma de atuação na tentativa se minimizar as manifestações da doença. Fontes dos dados: O estudo foi realizado com base em artigos relacionados à prevenção de doenças alérgicas em crianças, disponíveis nos bancos de dados PUBMED, MEDLINE, SCIELO e LILACS nos últimos 10 anos, ou anteriores a esta data, mas relevantes do ponto de vista nutricional/epidemiológico. Síntese dos dados: A determinação dos lactentes de alto risco para doenças alérgicas é um dado de alta relevância para a instituição de medidas nutricionais preventivas no primeiro ano de vida. Não há evidências de que a restrição dietética da mãe durante a gestação ou período de amamentação possa ter algum benefício na prevenção de atopia no feto/lactente. Aleitamento materno, diminuição da carga alergênica na substituição ou complementação do leite materno e a presença de determinados nutrientes na alimentação infantil são possíveis intervenções para se minimizar as alergias ao longo da infância. Conclusões: Aleitamento materno exclusivo por seis meses, a utilização de fórmulas hidrolisadas como complemento ou substituição do leite materno e a introdução de alimentos sólidos após o 4° mês de vida são apontadas como as possíveis estratégias na prevenção primária de doenças alérgicas, no que concerne à alimentação do primeiro ano de vida.

Aim: The prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing in the past decades around the world. Primary prevention in high risk infants to develop allergies, based on some feeding aspects in the first year of life seems to be an important form of sction in order to minimize allergic symptoms. Data source: The study was conducted based on related articles about prevention of allergic diseases in infants, available on PUBMED, MEDLINE, SCIELO and LILACS data bases in the last 10 years, or previous, but relevant regarding to nutritional or epidemiological point of view. Data synthesis: The recognition of high risk infants for developing allergic diseases is the most relevant information for establishing preventive feeding measurements in the first year of life. There is no evidence that restriction diet during pregnancy or breastfeeding are effective for reducing atopy in the fetus/infant. Breastfeeding, decreasing intake of allergenic proteins and the presence of appropriate nutritional elements are possibly effective interventions for prevention of allergy during the infancy. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of life, hydrolyzed formula as complementation or substitution to breast milk and delayed solid food introduction after the fourth month are possibly some strategies for the primary prevention of allergic diseases, regarding to feeding in the first year of life.

Immunotoxicity of carbaryl in chicken.

Effect of methyl carbonate pesticide, carbonyl, was studied on macrophage functions, lymphocyte proliferation and delayed type hypersensitivity response. Sixteen adult chicken, vaccinated against Newcaslte disease, were procured and randomly divided in two experimental groups. Chicken of group I served as control, while group II birds were given carbaryl at 20 ppm (No observable effect level, NOEL) in feed for 3 months. To measure the functional activity of phagocytic cells, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test was performed on peripheral blood leucocytes. Concanvalin A (Con-A) and lipopolysaccharide stimulated proliferation of T and B lymphocytes was assessed using MTT dye method. At the end of experiment, the phagocytic capacities of macrophages were significantly reduced in carbaryl treated group. Lymphocyte proliferation responses to Con-A and LPS were (23 and 28%, respectively lower) in chicken fed with carbaryl. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin was reduced to 77% of control values indicating inhibition of cell mediated immune response. The present study suggested of immunosuppressive effect of (NOEL dose carbaryl) in chicken.

Role of mucosal mast cells in visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome

The involvement of mucosal mast cells (MMC) in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is still controversial. We aimed to re-evaluate the role of MMC in visceral hypersensitivity associated with IBS using a rat IBS model that develops the IBS symptom after a subsidence of acetic acid-induced colitis. No significant difference in the number of MMC was observed between normal rat colon and IBS rat colon. (61.7 +/-2.9/mm 2 in normal vs. 88.7 +/-13.3/mm 2 in IBS, p >0.29). However, the degranulation rate of MMC was significantly higher in IBS rat colon (49.5 +/-2.4% in normal vs. 68.8 +/-3.4% in IBS, p >0.05). Pretreatment of a mast cell stabilizer, doxantrazole (5 mg/kg, i.p.), reduced the degranulation rate of MMC and significantly attenuated visceral hypersensitivity to rectal distension in IBS rat, whereas it had no effect on the visceral sensory responses in normal rat. These results suggest that, although the number of MMC is not significantly changed in IBS rat colon, the higher degranulation rate of MMC is responsible for visceral hypersensitivity in this model IBS.

Alergia inmediata al látex con reacción cruzada a frutas: a propósito de un caso / Inmediate allergy latex with cross reaction a fruits: a purpose of a case

Se expone un caso de alergia al latex en un paciente con reacción cruzada a frutas

Las pruebas de laboratorio en el estudio y valoración de las enfermedades alérgicas

Las pruebas de laboratorio utilizadas para el estudio de las enfermedades alérgicas, constituyen una valiosa aunque poco conocida herramienta en la investigación etiológica del asma bronquial, rinitis crónica, dermatitis atópica, etc. Además de contribuir a la comprensión de lo que ocurre en estas enfermedades, nos orientan de forma importancia hacia el tratamiento más efectivo a aplicar en cada paciente. En este trabajo se describen algunas de estas técnicas alérgológicas tanto las "in vivo" como las "in vitro". Se hace hincapié en aquellas más usadas en la actualidad y en las que, por su bajo costo y fácil realización, son aplicables a nuestro medio.

Resultados de um serviço especializado de dermatologia pediátrica / Results of a pediatric dermatology service

Os autores apresentam e discutem os resultados de um Serviço especializado de Dermatologia Pediátrica que atua a nível terciário em Hospital-Escola. Os casos säo analisados de acordo com a idade, sexo e diagnóstico final, por grupos de patologias. As mais freqüentes säo apresentadas separadamente, relacionado com a idade e o sexo, comentando seus aspectos próprios e seu papel no contexto. O trabalho destaca a importância deste tipo de dado, que permite a elaboraçäo de programas específicos e de normas de atendimento para as moléstias mais prevalentes

Ascaris y alergía / Ascaris and alergy

Existen dos situaciones en las cuales es importante medir los niveles séricos de la IgE en las enfermedades alérgicas y en las parasitosis helmínticas. En este estudio fueron modificados ciertos aspectos en el procesamiento convencional. Primero se sometió a prueba el uso de discos de nitrocelulosa a los cuales se fijan proteínas y otros antígenos, sin la necesidad de una activación previa. Por otro lado, se utilizó un sistema ELISA (prueba inmunoenzimática en lugar de los marcadores radiactivos. Se establecieron comparaciones entre sujetos alérgicos y no alérgicos, y los resultados mostraron que las características de las reacciones pulmonares inducidas fueron del tipo alérgico, siendo reversibles por la inhalación de broncodilatadores. Hubo 4 pacientes asmáticos, en los cuales la inhalación del extracto no produjo ninguna reacción pulmonar, dichos resultados sugieren que las infecciones por helmintos intestinales, particularmente ascaris, no deben ser ignoradas como posibles agentes etiológicos del asma en el ambiente tropical